‘It’s all over, my child’: Moorhouse, Berlin at War, p. 360
here For suicides in Germany at the end of the war, see Christian Goeschel, Suicide in Nazi Germany, Oxford, 2009
‘You will see, the Russians’: quoted Gilbert, The Second World War, p. 670
‘mental sickness consisted’: conversation with Generalinspekteur a.D. Ulrich de Maizière, 9.10.99
‘Because the fascist clique’: TsAMO 233/2374/93, p. 414
‘tragi-comedy’: BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 22
‘Do you really believe’: Fritz Hockenjos, BA-MA MSg 2 4038, p. 24
‘are very amiable–so far’: Rabe, The Good German of Nanking, pp. 218–20
‘Frau ist Frau’: conversation with Magda Wieland, 11.7.00
Rape estimates and deaths from rape and suicide: Dr Gerhard Reichling, in Helke Sander and Barbara Johr, Befreier und Befreite. Krieg, Vergewaltigungen, Kinder, Munich, 1992, pp. 54, 59
‘The Führer in Berlin’: NA II RG 338 R-79, pp. 37–8
‘Now he’s had it’: Zhukov, Vospominania i Razmyshlenia, vol. iv, pp. 269–70
‘at the head of his troops’: Trevor-Roper, The Last Days of Hitler, p. 188
49: Cities of the Dead
‘I am unable’: Efraim Genkin in Altman (ed.), Sokhrani moi pisma, p. 282
‘Victors are not judged’: Ehrenburg, Men, Years–Life, vol. v, p. 37
‘People were living with their fate’: conversation with Lothar Loewe, 9.10.2001
‘The people were not to blame’: Fritz Hockenjos, BA-MA MSg 2 4038, p. 25
‘traitor of the Motherland General Vlasov’: GLAVPURKKA, RGASPI 17/125/310
‘A merciless fight’: TsAMO 372/6570/78, pp. 30–2
‘systematic anti-Soviet talk’: RGVA 38686/1/26, p. 36
‘counter-revolutionary crimes’: GARF 9401/1a/165, pp. 181–3
‘On the roads of Germany today’: GBP, 19/4/45
‘An old woman traveller’: RGALI 1710/3/51
‘Some American prisoners’: GBP, 19/4/45
‘Those identified as murderers’: Kenneally, The Honour and the Shame, pp. 205–6 Operation Unthinkable: TNA CAB 120/691; see also Hastings, Finest Years, pp. 571–7
‘The idea is of course’: Alanbrooke, War Diaries, 24.5.45, pp. 693–4
‘again discussed the’: ibid., p. 695
‘a new Yalta’: Plokhy, Yalta, p. 383
‘In a few days’: Alanbrooke, War Diaries, 2.7.45, 3.7.45, p. 701
Stalin’s security for Potsdam: Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar, pp. 439–40
‘completely shattered’: Alanbrooke, War Diaries, p. 709
‘It must be very pleasant for you’: Berezhkov, History in the Making, p. 168
‘a landing in Norway’: Beria, Beria, my Father, pp. 112–13
‘Churchill was standing by the door’: ibid., p. 118
‘Well, prime minister, I know’: quoted Hastings, Finest Years, p. 578
‘Socialist, sir’: the late A. H. Brodhurst to the author
here On Titoist massacres in Slovenia, I am grateful to Keith Miles and Jože Dežman for documents on the subject; also papers from the symposium at Teinach, Austria, 30.6.95
Czech expulsions: Snyder, Bloodlands, p. 320
‘Murder became ordinary’: Czesaw Miosz, The Captive Mind, London, 2001, pp. 26–9
‘If we are American’: Anne Applebaum, New York Review of Books, 11.11.10
50: The Atomic Bombs and the Subjugation of Japan
‘A honky-tonk’: White and Jacoby, Thunder out of China, p. 267
Opium trade in Communist areas and inflation: see Chang and Halliday, Mao, pp. 337–41
‘I just tried to choose’: Enomoto Masayo in Rees, Their Darkest Hour, p. 74; on cannibalism by Japanese forces, see Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, pp. 111–34
For Unit 731 and Japanese biological warfare, see Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, pp. 135–65
Experiments on bomber crews: NA II RG 153/Entry 143/Boxes 1062–73 and 1362–3; Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, p. 160
‘incapacitated soldiers’: Allied Translator and Interpreter Section Southwest Pacific Area, quoted Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, p. 160
‘Do not survive in shame’: quoted Hastings, Nemesis, p. 57
‘they may expect’: Spector, Eagle against the Sun, p. 555
‘Japan lost the war’: 37th Division soldiers, quoted Kawano, ‘Japanese Combat Morale’, in Peattie, Drea and van de Ven, The Battle for China, p. 328
1,336 cases of rape: Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, p. 103
For Japanese colonists in Manchuria, see Collingham, The Taste of War, p. 62
‘From then on’: quoted Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, p. 102
Red Army column in Chahar: Yang Kuisong, ‘Nationalist and Communist Guerrilla Warfare in North China’, in Peattie, Drea and van de Ven, The Battle for China, p. 32
‘deeply, irrevocably convinced’: Smedley, China Fights Back, p. 116
For the race to take Hong Kong, see Snow, The Fall of Hong Kong, pp. 231–62
‘What’s a Jeep?’: Wasserstein, Secret War in Shanghai, p. 266
‘widespread practice of cannibalism’: Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, p. 126
‘to combine the duties’: Beria to Stalin, 22.6.45, GARF 9401/2/97, pp. 8–10
‘died as a result of the interaction’: Snyder, Bloodlands, p. 381
* Sachsenhausen, like all other German concentration camps at this stage, was not an extermination camp. These camps had been set up very soon after Hitler’s arrival in power in 1933 to hold political opponents, then those the Nazis defined as ‘anti-social’. Nazi policy then was to force Jews through persecution to emigrate. As will become clear, the ‘Holocaust’ or ‘Shoah’ developed only after the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, first by shooting, and then from 1942 by gas.
* Chemno (or Kulmhof) was the first to be closed in March 1943, although it was briefly reactivated in the summer of 1944 and finally burned down during the retreat of January 1945. Treblinka, Sobibór and Beec were closed in the early autumn of 1943. Majdanek (or Lublin) was abandoned in a panic in July 1944 during the Red Army’s rapid advance. In almost all cases the work commandos of mainly Jewish, Soviet and Polish prisoners were massacred as soon as they had finished the task.
Japanese bayonet Chinese prisoners in Nanking
Japanese horse artillery in southern China
Goebbels and Göring
Warsaw, August 1939
Narvik, April 1940
The crew of a French B1 tank surrender
Dunkirk, rescue of survivors from the destroyer Bourrasque
German aircrew taken prisoner, September 1940
Hans Frank of the Generalgouvernement and Polish clergy
German paratroopers, Crete
The crew of a British Bren gun carrier in Syria, June 1941
A Ukrainian village ablaze in July 1941
Soviet troops counter-attack near Moscow, December 1941
Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941
Hitler declares war on the United States, 11 December 1941
The Soviet counter-offensive near Moscow
German supply services December 1941
A Soviet medical orderly
The effects of starvation: three identity photos of Nina Petrova in Leningrad, May 1941, May 1942, October 1942
Evacuees from Leningrad on the ‘Ice Road’ across Lake Ladoga
Rommel in North Africa
The Japanese advance in Burma, with soldiers acting as bridge supports
Japanese victory on Corregidor, 6 May 1942
German officers relax in Paris
German infantry in Stalingrad
US Marines storm Tarawa atoll, 19 November 1943
Camp prisoner about to be executed
HMS Belfast on an Arctic convoy, November 1943
Soviet war industry mobilization
Japanese cavalry detachment in China
Hamburg after the firestorm raids of July 1943
Generalissimo and Madame Chiang Kai-shek with General Stilwell
MacArthur, Roosevelt and Nimitz at Pearl Harbor, 26 July 1944
US troops land on Bougainville, 6 April 1944
A Hellcat crash-landed on a carrier
German prisoner in Paris, 26 August 1944
Stretcher-bearers in the Warsaw Uprising
Medical services during the bombing of Berlin
Churchill in Athens with Archbishop Damaskinos, December 1944
British troops occupy Athens
Red Beach on Iwo Jima, February 1945
Filipina women rescued during the battle for Manila, February 1945
Soviet troops in a burning German town
Civilians wait to enter a flak tower bunker in Berlin
Soviet traffic controller on the road to Berlin
Civilians clearing rubble in Dresden, February 1945
C-46 transport plane landing at Kunming
Japanese kamikaze pilots pose for a memorial picture
Marble Gallery in the battered Reichschancellery
German wounded in Berlin, 2 May 1945
The Japanese surrender on the USS Missouri, 2 September 1945
Homeless civilians on Okinawa
CONTENTS
Welcome
Dedication
Introduction
1. The Outbreak of War
2. ‘The Wholesale Destruction of Poland’
3. From Phoney War to Blitzkrieg
4. The Dragon and the Rising Sun
5. Norway and Denmark
6. Onslaught in the West
7. The Fall of France
8. Operation Sealion and the Battle of Britain
9. Reverberations
10. Hitler’s Balkan War
11. Africa and the Atlantic
12. Barbarossa
13. Rassenkrieg
14. The ‘Grand Alliance’
15. The Battle for Moscow
16. Pearl Harbor
17. China and the Philippines
18. War across the World
19. Wannsee and the SS Archipelago
20. Japanese Occupation and the Battle of Midway
21. Defeat in the Desert
22. Operation Blau–Barbarossa Relaunched
23. Fighting Back in the Pacific
24. Stalingrad
25. Alamein and Torch
26. Southern Russia and Tunisia
27. Casablanca, Kharkov and Tunis
28. Europe behind Barbed Wire
29. The Battle of the Atlantic and Strategic Bombing
30. The Pacific, China and Burma
31. The Battle of Kursk
32. From Sicily to Italy
33. Ukraine and the Teheran Conference
34. The Shoah by Gas
35. Italy–The Hard Underbelly
36. The Soviet Spring Offensive
37. The Pacific, China and Burma
38. The Spring of Expectations
39. Bagration and Normandy
40. Berlin, Warsaw and Paris
41. The Ichig Offensive and Leyte
42. Unrealized Hopes
43. The Ardennes and Athens
44. From the Vistula to the Oder
45. Philippines, Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Tokyo Raids
46. Yalta, Dresden, Königsberg
47. Americans on the Elbe
48. The Berlin Operation
49. Cities of the Dead
50. The Atomic Bombs and the Subjugation of Japan
Acknowledgements
By the same author
Illustrations and Maps
Notes
Photo Insert
Copyright
Copyright
Copyright © 2012 by Antony Beevor
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