T Clyde Tolson
TSF Tolson Staff File
TWF Tolson Will File, Superior Court of the District of Columbia, Plaintiff Hillory A. Tolson vs. John P. Mohr, Administration No: 868–75
WAC Hearings, Senate Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, 93rd Congress, 1st Session, 1973–74 (Watergate and Related Activities)
WES Washington Evening Star
WH Washington Herald
WHSF White House Special Files, Nixon Papers
WHT White House Tape transcripts, Watergate Special Prosecution Force File segment, Record Group 460, National Archives
WMP Wayne Morse Papers, University of Oregon
WP The Washington Post
WR Report volume of the President’s Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, 1964 (WC + number denotes a Warren Commission Volume of Hearings or Exhibits)
WS Washington Star
WT The Washington Times
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Aside from those credited at the front of the book, a vast number of people helped bring this project to fruition. Thanks cannot go to the FBI as an agency, which resented probing and obstructed the proper functioning of the Freedom of Information Act. Nevertheless, FBI historian Susan Falb, Leslie Clemens and Sally Sparks at the Research Unit of the Office of Public Affairs, the Reading Room staff and Larry Heim, editor of The Grapevine, the journal of the Society of Former Agents, were helpful. Dozens of agents and retired agents were interviewed, and the names of those who agreed to be quoted are cited in the Source Notes section. Former Assistant Directors Charles Bates, Cartha DeLoach, Courtney Evans and Mark Felt were all generous with their time. So too was the late Guy Hottel, sometime confidant of both Hoover and Clyde Tolson, who agreed to be interviewed for the first time at the age of eighty-six. Clark Schoaff, guardian of the Hoover memorabilia at the Temple of the Supreme Council, Thirty-third Degree, Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, gave us repeated access to the collection. The sons of two of the men closest to Hoover, John Edgar Nichols and John Edgar Ruch, allowed access to their fathers’ papers and photographs.
My researchers perused the papers of all the presidents Hoover served, and special thanks are due to Raymond Teichman, Supervisory Archivist of the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Library, and William Johnson, Chief Archivist at the John F. Kennedy Library. Also to John Taylor, Archivist of the Military History Division at the National Archives, and Jean Smith at the Library of Congress.
Some of the new evidence on the Pearl Harbor saga was found in the pigeon loft at the former residence of the Bishop of Grasse, now the home of Marco Popov, son of World War II agent Dusko Popov. Alston Purvis, son of Melvin, gave me access to his father’s voluminous correspondence with Hoover – the only known extensive example of the Director’s private letter-writing. The author James Rusbridger readily dug into his Pearl Harbor files. Gaye Humphreys, in Ireland, led me by the hand into the world of psychiatry, where I had never ventured before. The attorney and author Bill Pepper provided key contacts in the world of organized crime.
The Assassination Archive and Research Center in Washington, which housed a massive collection of FBI material on President Kennedy’s murder, was again a vital resource – one so valuable that it deserved more solid support than a handful of private individuals can provide. With them, I regretted the death in 1991 of its founder, Bernard Fensterwald, whose experience as a congressional Chief Counsel helped me understand the way Hoover manipulated the Congress. I thank Mark Allen, Mary Ferrell and Paul Hoch, Professor Philip Melanson and Harold Weisberg – those most responsible of assassination scholars. Gary Miller, Dale Myers, Larry Happanen, Gus Russo, Dennis Lee Effle, Ed Tatro and Scott Van Wynsberghe kindly supplied contacts and information.
Two distinguished authors who had previously written about Hoover, David Garrow and Richard Gid Powers, ransacked their files and their memories. John Flanagin and Sondra Feldstein, who both hold advanced degrees in American history, performed the often thankless task of plowing through the papers of former presidents and countless government officials. Margot Edman and Julie Ziegler in New York, Robert Fink and Margaret St John in Washington, Peter Frumkin in Boston and Mike Spears in Dallas all gave sterling service as researchers. In California, former IRS agent John Daley provided valuable contacts. K. B. Basseches in Washington and Terry Murphy in Ireland photographed ancient photographs with scrupulous care. At Putnam in New York, Dolores McMullan handled the logistics of transatlantic editing with courtesy and enthusiasm. In Virginia, Audrey Atkins, Kathy Titus, Barbara Warren and Shirley Yoder faithfully logged hundreds of hours of tape-recorded interviews. Debbie Roberts helped bring order to our chaotic Virginia office, as did John Lombard in Ireland. Denise Fitzgerald came to the rescue with secretarial help on the final lap. Pip Printing in Manassas and Mail Boxes Etc. in Georgetown copied many thousands of documents – and that is no idle credit in a book of this genre. James Ronayne drove thousands of uncomplaining miles on my behalf.
I was indebted once again to my attorney James Lesar, a master of the Freedom of Information Act, and my financial adviser, Peter Metcalf. Nine talented journalists, Fred Cook in New Jersey, Hank Messick and Dan Christensen in Florida, Anthony Cook in Beverly Hills, William Dufty in Michigan, Jeff Goldberg and Jim Hougan in Washington, and Stephen Dorril and Tom Mangold in the UK, were foremost among the many colleagues who shared expertise without asking for reward. I salute the producers of Frontline, at WGBH in Boston, and director Bill Cran, of Invision in London, who defended their Hoover program and my role in it with integrity, and who have permitted me to quote from Frontline interviews in this paperback edition. And long-suffering friends Bob Dorff, Fanny Dubes, Tamara Glenny and Henry Ehrlich, Monica Gruler, Sheelagh Power and Rupert Murray, and Paddy and Joyce O’Keeffe of Knocklofty House in County Tipperary, supplied all manner of help – above all, laughter.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
In the hardback edition, there was an extensive Bibliography, covering some 260 titles. To keep this paperback edition compact, only books on or by J. Edgar Hoover, and on the FBI, are listed. Readers who wish to obtain the full Bibliography should consult the hardback edition or write to the author, who will be glad to provide it. Please address requests to: Anthony Summers, c/o Open Road Integrated Media, 180 Varick Street, Suite 816, New York, New York, 10014.
On J. Edgar Hoover
Comfort, Mildred. J. Edgar Hoover, Modern Knight Errant. Minneapolis: T. S. Denison, 1959.
Demaris, Ovid. The Director. New York: Harper’s Magazine Press, 1975.
Fowler, Blonde. FBI Woman. Privately published, 1976.
Gentry, Curt. J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets. London: Norton, 1991.
Gibson, Dirk. Neither God Nor Devil: A Rhetorical Perspective on the Political Myths of J. Edgar Hoover. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International, 1983.
Lewis, Eugene. Public Entrepreneurship: Toward a Theory of Bureaucratic Political Power. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984.
Memorial Tributes to J. Edgar Hoover in the Congress of the United States and Various Articles and Editorials Relating to His Life and Work. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974.
Messick, Hank. John Edgar Hoover. New York: David McKay, 1972.
Nash, Jay Robert. Citizen Hoover. Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1972. Powers, Richard Gid. Secrecy and Power. London: Hutchinson, 1987.
Theoharis, Athan. From the Secret Files of J. Edgar Hoover. Chicago: Ivan Dee, 1991.
Theoharis, Athan, and John Stuart Cox. The Boss. London: Harrap, 1988.
Toledano, Ralph de. J. Edgar Hoover: The Man in His Time. New York: Manor, 1974.
By J. Edgar Hoover
J. Edgar Hoover on Communism. New York: Random House, 1969.
J. Edgar Hoover Speaks. Edited by James D. Bales. Washington, D.C.: Capitol Hill Press, 1971.
Masters of Deceit. London: Dent, 1958.
Persons in Hiding. Boston: Little, Brown, 1938.
&nbs
p; A Study of Communism. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1962.
On the FBI
Blackstock, Nelson. COINTELPRO. New York: Pathfinder, 1988.
Charns, Alexander. Cloak and Gavel. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992.
Churchill, Ward, and Jim Vander Wall. The COINTELPRO Papers. Boston: South End Press, 1990.
Clark, Ramsey. Crime in America. London: Cassell, 1971. Cochran, Louis. FBI Man. London: Hale, 1967.
Collins, Frederick. The FBI in Peace and War. New York: Putnam, 1943.
Conners, Bernard. Don’t Embarrass the Bureau. London: W. H. Allen, 1973.
Cook, Fred. The FBI Nobody Knows. New York: Macmillan, 1964.
Donner, Frank. The Age of Surveillance. New York: Vintage, 1981.
Felt, Mark. The FBI Pyramid. New York: Putnam, 1979.
Keller, William. The Liberals and J. Edgar Hoover. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989.
Kelley, Clarence, and James Davis. Kelley: The Story of an FBI Director. Kansas City, MO: Andrews, McMeel & Parker, 1987.
Lamphere, Robert, and Tom Shactman. The FBI-KGB War. New York: Random House, 1986.
Look magazine editors. The Story of the FBI. New York: Dutton, 1947.
Lovegrove, Richard, and Tom Orwig. The FBI. New York: Brompton, 1989.
Lowenthal, Max. The Federal Bureau of Investigation. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, originally published by William Sloane, 1950.
Lynum, Curtis. The FBI and I. Bryn Mawr, PA: Dorrance, 1987.
Millspaugh, Arthur. Crime Control by the National Government. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1937.
Munves, James. The FBI and the CIA. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975.
Nelson, Jack, and Ronald Ostrow. The FBI and the Berrigans. New York: Coward, McCann, 1972.
Ollestad, Norman. Inside the FBI. New York: Lyle Stuart, 1967.
O’Reilly, Kenneth. Racial Matters. New York: Macmillan Free Press, 1989.
Payne, Cril. Deep Cover. New York: Newsweek Books, 1979.
Purvis, Melvin. American Agent. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran, 1936.
Robins, Natalie. Alien Ink. New York: Morrow, 1992.
Rosenfeld, Susan. The History of the J. Edgar Hoover Building. Washington, D.C.: FBI Office of Congressional and Public Affairs, 1987.
Schott, Joseph. No Left Turns. New York: Praeger, 1975.
Sullivan, William. The Bureau: My Thirty Years in Hoover’s FBI. New York: Norton, 1979.
Theoharis, Athan. Spying on Americans. Philadelphia: Temple, 1978.
Tully, Andrew. Inside the FBI. New York: Dell, 1987.
Turner, William. Hoover’s FBI: The Men and the Myth. Los Angeles: Sherbourne Press, 1970.
Turrou, Leon. Where My Shadow Falls. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1949.
Ungar, Sanford. FBI. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1975.
Villano, Anthony, and Gerald Astor. Brick Agent. New York: New York Times Books, 1977.
Watters, Pat, and Stephen Gillers, eds, Investigating the FBI. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1973.
Welch, Neil, and David Marston. Inside Hoover’s FBI. New York: Doubleday, 1984.
Whitehead, Don. The FBI Story. London: Muller, 1957.
Williams, David. Without Understanding: The FBI and Political Surveillance 1908–1941. Ann Arbor, MI: University Micro-films International, 1981.
Wright, Richard. Whose FBI?. LaSalle, IL: Open Court, 1974.
INDEX
Aarons, Slim, 349
Abernathy, Ralph, 422, 569; file, 426, 432; Hoover on, 434; on Hoover, 430–3, 434
Abrams, Norma, 280, 563
ACLU, 259, 552; file, 45, 189; Hoover and, 44–5, 120
Adenauer, Konrad, 464
Adonis, Joe, 122, 267
Agnew, Spiro, 441, 511, 570
Akerman, Nathaniel, 496, 547, 572
Albert, Carl, 226
Albertson, William, 546
Aleman, Jose, 390, 391, 542, 567
Alessio, John, 491
Alexander, Jack, 117, 556
Allen, George, 154, 200, 213, 278, 557, 560; on Hoover, 209, 283
Allman, William, 449
Alphand, Herve, 540
Alsop, Joseph, 115, 331, 555, 556
American Nazi Party, 60, 119, 211, 546
Amory, Robert 536
Amos, James, 61, 527
Anastasia, Albert, 291
Anderson, Jack, 429, 490, 493–4, 555, 560, 562, 565, 570, 571, 572, 573; CIA plot to kill, 493–4, 502–3; on Hoover, 269, 325, 436, 466, 467, 499, 503
Anderson, George, 37
Anderson, Robert, 213–14
Angleton, James, xiv, 538, 550, 558; on Hoover, 182, 288–9
Anslinger, Harry, 271, 536
Arends, Leslie, 234
Armbruster, Edward J., 47, 552
Arnett, Peter, 410
Arnold, Henry, 170
Arthur, Art, 95
Arvad, Inga, 313–15, 318, 323, 565
Auerbach, Richard, 101, 214, 555, 559, 563
Aynesworth, Hugh, 542
Bacall, Lauren, 188
Baker, Bobby, 312, 321, 369, 370, 371, 380, 544, 563, 565, 566, 567; file, 401; on Hoover, 275, 276, 316, 349
Baldwin, Roger, 44–5, 552
Ball, George, 400, 408, 568
Banister, Guy, 385–9, 567, 568
Barbara, Joe, 291
Barker, Fred, 81
Barker, Kate (‘Ma’), 81
Barniker, Ann, 526, 545
Barrow, James, 64
Barry, Joan, 191
Baruch, Bernard, 483
Bates, Charles, 365–7, 408, 427, 458, 526, 545, 552, 554, 555, 568, 569, 570
Battaglia, Gus, 318, 565
Baughman, Frank, 41, 65, 498, 552
Bauman, Robert, 528
Bayliss, Joseph, 65–6, 553
Beard, Dita, 490, 493
Beck, Dave, 334
Becker, Ed, 390–2, 542–3, 567
Beecher, William, 472
Bell, Gordon, 497
Belmont, Alan, 270, 529, 542, 544, 563, 564, 566
Bender, George, 159, 229
Bennett, Harry, 122, 556
Bennett, James, 171
Bentley, Elizabeth, 193, 194, 533
Beria, Lavrenti, 403
Berkman, Alexander, 36
Berle, Adolf, 104, 161; on Hoover, 127
Berle, Beatrice, 104, 174–5, 555, 558
Berlin, Richard, 368
Bernhard, Berl, 425
Biddle, Francis, 123, 127, 161, 162, 169, 556; on Hoover, 105, 126, 129, 131
Bielaski, Bruce, 32, 527, 551; on Hoover, 25–6
Biffle, Leslie, 159
Billingsley, Sherman, 95, 272, 284
Black, Fred, 380
Black, Hugo, 239
Black Panthers, Hoover and, 446, 455–60, 570, 571
Blacks, Hoover and, 59, 61–4, 95, 101, 103–4, 106, 108, 166, 168, 333–4, 417–37, 439, 446, 455–60, 470, 499, 501, 527, 539, 553, 566, 569, 570, 571 see also individuals/organizations.
Blakey, Robert, 543
Bland, George, 392
Blodgett, Julian, 392, 567
Blue, George, 257
Bobak, Joe, 304, 305
Bogart, Humphrey, 188
Boggs, Hale, 226, 241, 380, 541, 561, 567; on Hoover, 375, 471, 473, 474, 512
Boggs, Thomas, 241, 380
Bokun, Branko, 530
Bompensiero, Frank, 285
Bonanno, Joseph, 284, 318
Boswell, William, 343
Boyd, James, 230, 561
Boyer, P. F., 171
Braddock, Jim, 95, 284
Bradlee, Ben, 348, 364, 428, 553, 565, 566, 567, 569; on Hoover, 61, 324, 325, 373–4
Bradlee, Tony, 324
Branch, Taylor, 373, 544, 569
Brandeis, Louis, 25
Brennan, Charles, 184–5, 399, 474–5, 527, 545, 558
Bridges, Harry,
129–30
Bridges, Stiles, 533
Brinkley, David, 410
Brooks, Lawrence, 35, 469
Brossard, Chandler, 96–7, 553, 554
Brown, Bernard, 252
Brown, Bill, 526, 545, 568
Brown, Madeleine, 395, 401–2, 539, 559, 568
Brown, Steven, 401
Brown, Thad, 357
Brownell, Herbert, Jr., 534, 562
Brudner, Charlie, 297–8
Bruno, Angelo, 294
Bryant, Anita, 94
Buchalter, Louis, 281, 296
Buchanan, Patrick, 469, 571
Buchwald, Art, 115
Buck, Pearl, 189
Buckley, William F., Jr., 202–3
Buffalino, William, 352
Bugas, John, 122
Bullitt, William, 104
Burger, Ernst, 163
Burger, Warren E., 7
Burke, Frank, 34, 37, 39
Burns, John, 155
Burns, William, 40, 43, 61
Burton, George, 169–70, 173
Burton, Harold, 23, 239, 240, 551
Byars, Billy, Sr., 213, 312, 394, 498
Byars, Billy, Jr., 450–1, 559, 566, 570; on Hoover, 331, 394, 545
Byrd, D. H., 543
Cain, Effie, 101, 555, 559, 563
Caldwell, Erskine, 189
Callahan, Nicholas, 231, 263, 530
Calomaris, Anthony, 360, 506, 507, 552, 556, 566, 573
Camil, Scott, 454
Campbell, Judith, 319, 320, 338, 343–7, 354, 358, 368, 369, 565, 566
Campisi, Joseph, 393
Canaris, Wilhelm, 141
Capone, Al, 265–6, 273, 280
Capote, Truman, 90, 190
Caro, Robert, 539
Carr, Waggoner, 382, 569
Carroll, Joseph, 368
Carter, Dr. Hill, 108, 555
Carter, Jimmy, 163
Carter, Thomas, 253–4
Casey, Lee, 116
Casey, William, 151
Cassini, Igor, 325, 565, 566
Castro, Fidel, 385, 387, 395, 427; CIA/Mafia plot to kill, 338, 343, 345–6, 386, 388, 389, 494, 538, 543, 547
Caulfield, John, 486, 488
Celler, Emanuel, 299, 560–1
Cellura, Leo, 122
Chambers, Whittaker, 193–5, 533
Chang, Suzy, 367, 368
Chapin, Dwight, 448
Chaplin, Charlie, 190–2, 559