Potulice
Poznań, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 12.1, 18.1
Prague, 2.1, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 18.1
Prohaszka Work Community
Prussia, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 10.1, 13.1
Junkers (Prussian aristocrats)
Pstrowski, Wincenty
Puciłowski, Józef
Pudovkin, Vsevolod, 14.1, 14.2
Katalin’s Marriage (film)
Mother (film)
Zhukovskii (film)
Putnam, Robert
Putrament, Jerzy
Rabka
Rackow, Lutz, 2.1, 18.1, 18.2
Radio Free Europe, 11.1, 11.2, 18.1, 18.2
Radio Luxembourg, 17.1, 17.2
Radkiewicz, Stanisław, 4.1, 5.1, 7.1, 13.1
Radom
Radzyminsk
Rajk, Júlia
Rajk, László, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1
arrest and trial of, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4
funeral of
Rajkiewicz, Antoni
Rákosi, Mátyás
and anti-Jewish sentiments, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2
biography of, 3.1, 3.2
and civil society organizations, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3
and Hungarian communists, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 6.1
and Hungary’s “industrialization”, 15.1, 15.2
and Hungary’s “New Course”, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3
and political elections, 9.1, 10.1
political persecution and show trials, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
and public events, 13.1, 13.2
Rakowski, Mieczysław
Ravasz, László
Ravensbrôck, 2.1, 3.1
Recsk
Red Army (Soviet army)
arrival in Eastern Europe, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 14.1
forced war reparations
in Germany, 2.1, 5.1, 8.1, 9.1, 11.1, 11.2, 17.1; see also Karlshorst
in Hungary, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 11.1, 18.1; see also Baden
and “Moscow communists”, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 5.1, 9.1
occupation of Eastern Europe by, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 5.2; see also Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
perceptions of, 1.1, 1.2, 8.1, 16.1
physical violence perpetrated by, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1, 9.1, 10.1
in Poland, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1, 11.1; see also Home Army
and religious institutions
see also Stalin, Iosif; “Kościuszko Division”; Soviet communism; Soviet Union
“Red Peril”; see also Red Army; Soviet Union
Reichskulturkammer (German Chamber of Culture)
Reichsrundfunk: see Deutsche Rundfunk
Rév, István
Revai, Jozsef, 3.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 14.1
Rhineland
RIAS: see West Berlin Radio
Rokossovskii, Konstantin, 11.1, 12.1, 17.1, 18.1
Romania, 2.1, 9.1, 9.2, 11.1, 14.1, 17.1, 18.1
alliance with Nazis, 2.1, 3.1
expulsion of ethnic minorities, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5
mass persecutions and imprisonments
in wake of Second World War, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1
Romanian communist party, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2
Romkowski, Colonel Roman
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1, 9.1
see also Tehran Conference; Yalta Conference
Rosalak, Maciej
Rostock, 9.1, 13.1, 13.2, 18.1
Rothschild, Klára
Rożański, Henryk
Rożański, Józef
Rudinev, Lev
Rumia
Russia, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 4.1, 7.1, 8.1, 12.1, 16.1; see also Red Army; Soviet Union
Russian Civil War (1917–22), 2.1, 4.1, 11.1, 11.2
Russian Revolution (also Bolshevik Revolution, October Revolution), 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1
Rzeszow, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1
Rzeszów special operational group, 6.1
Sachsenhausen, 1.1, 2.1, 8.1, 13.1
Soviet prison camp in (Special Camp Number Seven), 5.1, 17.1
Samuel, Raphael
Sandberg, Herbert, 14.1, 14.2, 17.1
Sapieha, Cardinal Adam Stefan, 11.1, 11.2
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 3.1, 16.1, 18.1
Sawala, Henryk
Saxony, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2
Schabowski, Gônter, 17.1, 18.1
Schmidt, Mária
Schneider, Ulrich
“shockworker movement”: see Stakhanovite movement
Schöpflin, Gyula
Schumacher, Kurt, 9.1, 9.2
Schumann, Erich
Schwanitz, Wolfgang
Second World War, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 11.1, 14.1; see also Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
Selbmann, Fritz
Semyonov, Vladimir, 18.1, 18.2
Serov, General Ivan, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 11.1, 16.1, 18.1
Shore, Marci
Siberia, 12.1, 16.1; see also Gulag system
Sigalin, Józef, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3
Sikorski, General Władysław
Silesia, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 14.1
Simon, Jolán
Slánsky, Rudolf, 9.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
Šling, Otto
Słowo Powszechny (Polish catholic newspaper)
Smolensk, 1.1, 4.1; see also Katyń Forest massacre
Snyder, Timothy: Bloodlands (book)
Sobieszyn
“Socialism in One Country” (reinterpretation of Marxist ideology by Stalin), 2.1, 3.1
socialist city, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5
socialist realism, 3.1, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 14.5, 15.1, 18.1
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 2.1, 2.2
Sommerstein, Emil
Soviet army: see Red Army
Soviet communist ideology
anti-Western propaganda, 7.1, 13.1, 17.1, 18.1
Bolshevik ideology, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1
central planning (“Plans”), 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1
and civil society, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1, 13.2
communist, anti-fascist training, 1.1, 3.1
corruption and bribery
culture of conspiracy, 3.1, 12.1, 13.1
and disillusionment, 11.1, 12.1, 15.1, 18.1, 18.2
electoral propaganda, 9.1, 9.2
jokes about
Marxism-Leninism, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 7.1, 9.1, 11.1, 13.1, 14.1, 18.1, 18.2
propaganda and dissent, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 17.1, 17.2
“Soviet democracy”, 3.1, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2, 16.1
totalitarianization of Eastern Europe (also Stalinization), 9.1, 9.2, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 13.2, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1, 18.1
Soviet communist party, 2.1, 3.1
Central Committee of, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 8.1, 10.1, 15.1
Politburo (“political bureau”), 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 18.1, 18.2
Twentieth Party Congress
Soviet concentration camps: see Gulag system
Soviet historiography
Soviet Institute for World Economics and World Politics: see Vargas, Eugene
Soviet Interior Ministry, 4.1, 4.2
Soviet Military Administration and Soviet organizations: see Comintern; Cominform; Warsaw pact
Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe: see Red Army; Soviet Union; see also Baltic States; Bulgaria; Czechoslovakia; Germany; Hungary; Poland; Romania
Soviet Union (USSR, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
and East European communist parties, 4.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 12.1
and East European communists: see “Moscow communists”; “Little Stalins”
on East European ethnic minorities, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5
and “liberation” of Eastern Europe, 1.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1
political violence: see “Great Terror
”/“Great Purges”
prisoner and labor camps in, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1
relations with Western Allies, 1.1, 3.1, 5.1, 9.1, 9.2
show trials: see “Great Terror”/“Great Purges”
socioeconomic system imported from, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 7.1, 10.1, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1, 17.1, 17.2
Soviet occupation authorities in Eastern Europe, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1, 14.1, 18.1; see also East Germany, Soviet Military Administration in, and Soviet organizations: see Comintern; Cominform; Warsaw Pact
Soviet political and economic failures, 11.1, 18.1, 18.2
Soviet-style hierarchy, 3.1, 4.1, 12.1
support of “popular fronts” in Europe (1930s): see “popular fronts”
violence and persecutions in Eastern Europe, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 9.1, 11.1
war reparations and lootings by, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 10.1
Western perceptions of, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 18.1
see also Stalin, Iosif; Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact; Red Army; Soviet communist ideology
Spanish Civil War, 3.1, 12.1
Spychalski, General Marian, 12.1, 12.2
Stakhanov, Alexi
Stakhanovite movement (also “shockworker movement” or Heroes of Labour movement), 13.1, 15.1
Stalin, Iosif
cult of personality, 3.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 16.1, 18.1
death of, 3.1, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1, 18.1
on division of Europe (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact)
on Eastern European ethnic minorities, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6
end of Second World War
on German war reparations
ideology of, 1.1, 3.1, 7.1, 13.1, 14.1
and “Moscow communists”, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
and “people’s enemies”
on political and physical violence in Eastern Europe, 2.1, 5.1, 12.1
on religious and cultural institutions, 11.1, 14.1
during Russian Civil War
on socialist regimes in Eastern Europe, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 9.1, 11.1
war against Germany
wartime alliance with Western countries, 1.1, 5.1, 9.1
see also “Great Terror”/“Great Purges”; Potsdam Conference; Soviet communist ideology; Tehran Conference; Yalta Conference
Stalingrad, battle of, 2.1, 8.1
Stalinstadt (earlier Eisenhôttenstadt), 13.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5
Stasi: see German Ministry for State Security
Stebnicka, Marta
Steinbach, Erika
Stola, Dariusz
Stötzer, Werner
Strempel, Horst: “Clear the Rubble! Rebuild!” (mural)
Stunde Null (“zero hour”)
Stuthoff
Sudetenland, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 15.1
Sulyok, Dezső, 9.1, 9.2
Supka, Géza
Suslov, Mikhail
Svinna
Sviridov, General Vladimir, 7.1, 7.2
Światło, Józef, 6.1, 11.1, 11.2, 16.1, 18.1
Świda-Ziemba, Hanna
Świerczewski, General Karol
Świetlik, Konrad
Świętochłowice
Switzerland, 9.1, 12.1
Szabad Nép (Free People, Hungarian communist party’s newspaper), 2.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1, 13.1, 18.1, 18.2
Szabó, István
Mephisto (film)
Szakasits, Árpád
Szálasi, Ferenc
Szare Szeregi: see Polish scouting movement
Szász, Béla, 12.1, 12.2
Szczecin, 7.1, 12.1
Szeged
Széll, Jenő, 9.1, 9.2, 18.1
Szent-Miklósy, István
Szklarska Poręba (Cominform first meeting, 1947), 9.1, 14.1
Szőnyi, Tibor
Szostak, Stanisław
Szőts, István, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3
Song of the Cornfield (film), 14.1, 14.2
Szpilman, Władysław, 8.1, 8.2
The Pianist (memoir)
Sztálinváros (earlier Dunapentele, later Dunaújváros), 13.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5, 15.6, 18.1
Sztandar Młodych: see Union of Polish Youth
Szymborska, Wisława
Tagesspiegel, Der (West Berlin newspaper), 8.1, 16.1
Tägliche Rundschau (Red Army sponsored newspaper in postwar Germany), 8.1, 14.1, 14.2
Tánczos, Gábor
Tarnobrzeg
Tarnów
Tehran Conference (November 1943), 1.1, 2.1
Poland’s fate, 4.1, 9.1
Tejchma, Józef, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1, 15.2
Telakowska, Wanda, 14.1, 14.2
Folk Creativity in Contemporary Design
Teplicany
Tevan, Zsófia, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3
Thalmann, Ernst, 3.1, 7.1, 13.1, 13.2
Thorez, Maurice, 3.1, 18.1
Tildy, Zoltán
Tito, Josip Broz, 3.1, 11.1, 12.1, 18.1
“Titoism” (“right-deviationism” from Stalinist line), 11.1, 12.1, 12.2
Tóbiás, Áron
Tocqueville, Alexander de
Today and Tomorrow: see Dziś i Jutro
Togliatti, Palmiro, 3.1, 3.2, 18.1
Tömpe, András
Torun, 2.1, 17.1
Treblinka, 1.1, 6.1, 8.1, 13.1
Tribune (East German newspaper)
Trieste: see “Free Territory of Trieste”
Trotsky, Lev, 2.1, 2.2
Trotskyism (deviationism from Stalinist line), 3.1, 11.1, 12.1
“Truman Doctrine”, 9.1, 11.1
Truman, Harry, 5.1, 6.1, 9.1
beginning of Cold War (“Truman Doctrine”); see also Cold War
and rebuilding of Europe (“Marshall Plan”); see also “Marshall Plan”
Trybuna Ludu (People’s Tribune, Poland’s communist party newspaper), 8.1, 12.1, 16.1, 18.1
Trzebenice
Trznadel, Jacek, 13.1, 16.1
Tschiche, Hans-Jochen, 11.1, 17.1
Tschirschwitz, Gunter
Tugarev, Major
Túróczy, Zoltán
Tuwim, Julian
Tygodnik Powszechny (Polish Catholic weekly)
Tyrmand, Leopold, 7.1, 16.1, 17.1, 17.2
Tyulpanov, Colonel Sergei, 7.1, 9.1
Ufa (temporary headquarters of Comintern during Second World War), 3.1, 3.2, 8.1
U.K.: see Britain
conflict over lands of, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1
and mass deportations, 1.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2
mass famine, 1930s, 2.1, 10.1, 10.2
and “Moscow communists”, 4.1, 4.2
and political dissent
see also Babi Yar
Ukrainian communist party
Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), 6.1, 6.2
Ukrainian Revolutionary Army
“Ulbricht Group”, 4.1, 7.1, 8.1, 13.1
Ulbricht, Walter, 14.1, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2
and Berlin riots (June 1953), 18.1, 18.2
biography of, 3.1, 3.2
on central planning and war reparations, 8.1, 10.1
on elections in Eastern Europe, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
and German communists, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 7.1, 7.2; see also “Ulbricht Group”
on political and religious opposition in Eastern Europe
public celebrations and reconstruction of East Germany, 13.1, 15.1, 15.2
Ulenspiegel (magazine, later Eulenspiegel), 14.1, 14.2, 17.1
Unger, Leopold
Union of Polish Fine Artists, 14.1, 14.2
Union of Polish Scouting (ZHP)
Union of Polish Youth (ZMP), 7.1, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 18.1, 18.2
Sztandar Młodych (Union’s newspaper), 15.1, 17.1
Unitarian Service Committee (refugee assistance organization)
United Natio
ns (UN), 1.1, 17.1, 18.1
United States (USA or America), 12.1, 12.2
aid from, 11.1, 15.1
and “American spies”
communist propaganda against, 7.1, 9.1, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1, 14.1, 17.1, 17.2
and exiled dissidents, 3.1, 9.1, 12.1
perceptions about Soviet Union in
and Soviet Union: see Cold War; Soviet communist ideology
U.S. army: see American army
U.S. embassy, 5.1, 12.1, 18.1
Urbanowicz, Bohdan
USA: see United States
USSR: see Soviet Union
Varga, Béla
Vargas, Eugene (also Jeno Varga, head of Soviet Institute for World Economics and World Politics)
Vas, Zoltán, 4.1, 15.1
Vasvari Academy (Hungary)
Vatican, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 17.1
Versailles Treaty
Vienna, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1
Vilnius (also Wilno), 1.1, 5.1, 12.1
Vilnius Uprising
Vitányi, Iván, 7.1, 16.1, 18.1
Voice of America, 17.1, 17.2
Volga (river)
Volhynia, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2
Volk, Das (German social democrats’ newspaper)
Volksdeutsche (Eastern Europeans with German origins), 5.1, 6.1, 10.1
Volkspolizei: see German People’s Police
Volkssturm (people’s militia)
Voroshilov, Marshal Kliment, 4.1, 9.1, 9.2
Wajda, Andrzej, 5.1, 14.1, 15.1
Ashes and Diamonds (film)
Generation (film)
Man of Marble (film)
Wandel, Paul, 9.1, 13.1
Warsaw
culture and history of, 13.1, 13.2, 14.1, 16.1
end of Second World War, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 7.1, 10.1, 16.1, 17.1
Home Army “center” in
and Jews
liberation and reconstruction of, 2.1, 10.1
Marszałkowska Dzielnica Mieszkaniowa (housing estate)
mass education in, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 16.1
Old Town, reconstruction of
Palace of Culture and Science, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1
and party members’ privileges
political and cultural opponents, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 18.1
political elections, 9.1, 9.2
prisons in
public events and demonstration in
Warsaw, Battle of (1920, “The Miracle on the Vistula”), 2.1, 6.1
Warsaw ghetto, 8.1, 14.1
Warsaw Life: see Zycie Warszawy
Warsaw Pact, 18.1, 18.2
Warsaw radio stations
Warsaw Uprising (August–October 1944), 1.1, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, 8.1, 11.1
Washington, 1.1, 1.2, 6.1; see also United States
Wasilewska, Wanda
Wasilewski, Eugeniusz
Ważyk, Adam
“Poem for Adults” (poem)