of “majoritarian pigs”: Ta-Nehisi Coates, “Blue Lives Matter,” Atlantic, December 22, 2014.
“questioned whether Barack Obama”: Toni Morrison, “Making America White Again,” New Yorker, November 21, 2016.
“traditional to destroy”: Coates, “Letter to My Son.”
Epilogue
“human beings first”: Carolyn Bostick, “In Era of Division, Interfaith Coalition Promotes Unity,” Observer-Dispatch, February 4, 2017, http://www.uticaod.com/news/20170204/in-era-of-division-interfaith-coalition-promotes-unity.
“Make America Relate”: “Make America Relate Again Northwestern NJ,” January 28, 2017, https://www.meetup.com/Make-America-Relate-Again-Northwestern-NJ.
Silicon Valley’s Ro Khanna: Nitasha Tiku, “Silicon Valley Rebrands Itself as Good for the Rest of America,” Wired, May 15, 2017, https://www.wired.com/2017/05/silicon-valley-rebrands-good-rest-america.
Van Jones . . . “Help me understand”: “Van Jones Sits Down with Trump Supporters,” CNN, December 6, 2016, http://www.cnn.com/videos/tv/2016/12/06/exp-van-jones-special-cnntv.cnn.
comedian W. Kamau Bell: Alex Cipolle, “Comedian W. Kamau Bell Reaches Across the Aisle,” Register-Guard, May 19, 2017, http://register guard.com/rg/entertainment/35571393-67/comedian-w.-kamau-bell-reaches-across-the-aisle.csp.
University of Minnesota . . . “the divisions”: “Call for Applications: Cross-Country Reporting Fellowship ‘Crossing the Divide,’” April 25, 2017, https://cla.umn.edu/sjmc/news-events/news/call-applications-cross-country-reporting-fellowship-crossing-divide.
“closed to compromise”: Charles M. Blow, “The Death of Compassion,” New York Times, February 23, 2017.
tremendous progress can be made: See, e.g., Thomas F. Pettigrew and Linda R. Tropp, “A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90, no. 5 (2006): 766.
The Nature of Prejudice: Gordon W. Allport, The Nature of Prejudice (Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1954).
face-to-face contact: See Pettigrew and Tropp, “A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory,” 751–83.
England to Italy to Sri Lanka: See Nico Schulenkorf, “Sport Events and Ethnic Reconciliation: Attempting to Create Social Change Between Sinhalese, Tamil and Muslim Sportspeople in War-Torn Sri Lanka,” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 45, no. 3 (2010): 273; Dora Capozza, Gian Antonio Di Bernardo, and Rossella Falvo, “Intergroup Contact and Outgroup Humanization: Is the Causal Relationship Uni- or Bidirectional?,” PLOS One 12, no. 1 (2017), 1–3; Katharina Schmid, Ananthi Al Ramiah, and Miles Hewstone, “Neighborhood Ethnic Diversity and Trust: The Role of Intergroup Contact and Perceived Threat,” Psychological Science 25, no. 3 (2014): 665–74.
all forms of group prejudice: Pettigrew and Tropp, “A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory,” 751–83.
nearly two thirds: Gregory M. Herek, “Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S. Military: Historical Background,” Sexual Orientation: Science, Education, and Policy, University of California, Davis, accessed August 7, 2017, http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/military_history.html.
Internal opposition was: Jim Garamone, “Historian Charts Six Decades of Racial Integration in U.S. Military,” American Forces Press Service, U.S. Department of Defense, July 23, 2008, http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=50560.
“cooperation in integrated units”: Herek, “Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S. Military.”
“When your life”: Garamone, “Historian Charts Six Decades of Racial Integration in U.S. Military.”
“an 18-year old Hispanic”: Karl Marlantes, “Vietnam: The War That Killed Trust,” New York Times, January 7, 2017.
opinions about same-sex marriage: Todd Venook, “The Group Instinct and the Modern American Moment,” March 3, 2017 (on file with author).
just 11 percent: Scott Clement, “Gay Marriage’s Road to Popularity, in 5 Charts,” Washington Post, April 28, 2015.
today, 62 percent: “Changing Attitudes on Gay Marriage,” Pew Research Center, June 26, 2017, http://www.pewforum.org/fact-sheet/changing-attitudes-on-gay-marriage.
“a friend, relative, or coworker”: Jeffrey M. Jones, “More Americans See Gay, Lesbian Orientation as Birth Factor,” Gallup, May 16, 2013, http://www.gallup.com/poll/162569/americans-gay-lesbian-orientation-birth-factor.aspx.
“Once [gay] people began”: Marcia Coyle, “Justice Ginsburg Laments ‘Real Racial Problem’ in U.S.; Discusses Major Rulings, Law Schools in Sweeping Q&A,” National Law Journal, August 22, 2014.
One study by Harvard professor: Ryan D. Enos, “How the Demographic Shift Could Hurt Democrats, Too,” Washington Post, March 8, 2013.
negative interactions with people: Stefania Paolini, Jake Harwood, and Mark Rubin, “Negative Intergroup Contact Makes Group Memberships Salient: Explaining Why Intergroup Conflict Endures,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 36, no. 12 (2010): 1723.
“[H]umility is a mediator”: Humans of New York (May 18, 2015), http://www.humansofnewyork.com/post/119284859436/my-daughters-greatest-quality-is-her-humility.
“THEY CAME TO”: See Giovanni Sanchez, “Crying Wolf: How Liberal Elite Outrage Is Undermining the Left’s Goals” (February 7, 2017, on file with author) (quoting meme posted on Facebook).
“‘WHITE WORKING CLASS’”: Kirsten West Savali, “‘White Working Class’ Narrative Is Nothing but a Racist Dog Whistle,” The Root, November 17, 2016, http://www.theroot.com/white-working-class-narrative-is-nothing-but-a-racist-1790857771.
“America is neither”: “America: Land of the Oppressed, Home of the Cowards,” Opposingviews, May 26, 2010, http://www.opposingviews.com/i/america-land-of-the-oppressed-home-of-the-cowards.
“a nation founded on”: Tiffany Gabbay, “Michael Moore: U.S. Was ‘Founded on Genocide and Built on the Backs of Slaves,’” The Blaze, January 20, 2012, http://www.theblaze.com/news/2012/01/20/michael-moore-u-s-was-founded-on-genocide-and-built-on-the-backs-of-slaves.
“Unlike any nation”: Toni Morrison, “Making America White Again,” New Yorker, November 21, 2016.
The peril we face: This insight and way of putting it is from Yasin Hegazy, “Achieving Our Country: James Baldwin’s Prophetic Model of America’s Post-Racial Identity” (draft of May 2017, on file with author).
“Walter helped us”: Sanchez, “Crying Wolf,” 5.
“a critical paradox”: Ibid., 12.
“the countless iterations”: Ibid., 13.
“collection of myths”: James Baldwin, “The Fire Next Time,” in Collected Essays (New York: Library of America, 1998), 294, 344, 347.
“standing up for”: Eric J. Sundquist, “King’s Dream,” New York Times, January 16, 2009.
“[A]s much as”: President Barack Obama, “Remarks at a Church Service Honoring Martin Luther King Jr.,” Vermont Avenue Baptist Church, Washington, DC, January 17, 2010, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=87399.
Failures are part and parcel: Many thanks to Yena Lee for her insights and eloquent words.
“Let America be the dream”: Langston Hughes, “Let America be America Again,” in The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, ed. Arnold Rampersad and David Roessel (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), 189–91.
Index
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
Abbas, Hassan, 71
affirmative action, 169, 171, 180
Afghanistan, 76, 105, 108, 115
group identities in, 60–61
and Pakistan, 61–63, 65, 69–70
Pashtuns of, 60–65, 67–74
radical Islam in, 61
and Soviet Union, 63–68
Taliban in, 59–60, 66–74, 97
terrorism in, 73–74
United States in, 16, 59–60, 65–66, 71–74
Africa, 18, 35, 40, 47, 112, 116, 119, 121, 123–26, 130, 132, 168
African Americans, 31–32, 148, 166, 198
become majority, 193
and civil rights movement, 141, 208
at elite colleges, 29, 177
and Obama presidency, 21–22
and prosperity gospel, 4, 153–55
as “sovereign citizens,” 144
See also blacks
al-Abadi, Haider, 94
Al Anbar Province, Iraq, 84, 86, 88
al-Askari shrine/mosque, 83, 88
al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr, 111, 114
al-Gharib, Abu Usama, 109
al-Kasasbeh, Moaz, 111
al-Maliki, Nouri, 92–94
al-Nasr, Ahlam, 109–11
al-Qaeda, 66, 70, 74, 81, 87–88, 91, 93–94, 113–15
al-Zarqawi, Abu Masab, 83, 94
Alabama, 158, 168, 198
Alexander, Michelle, 174
Allen, John, 88
Allport, Gordon W., 198–99
American Conservative, 189–90
American Dream, 138–39, 149, 203, 208–9
Amerindian, 121, 130, 132
See also indigenous-blooded masses
anti-Americanism, 3, 91, 96, 118
antiestablishment, 5, 12–13, 138, 149
Arabs, 20, 78–80, 85, 94, 105–6, 123
Argentina, 27, 123
Asch, Solomon, 102–4
Asia, 28, 46, 53, 187–88
Asian Americans, 9, 11, 17–18, 30, 166–67, 181, 187–88, 191, 193
Assad, President, 109
assimilation, 20, 23–25
Atlantic, 10, 170, 192
Atran, Scott, 115
Australia, 20, 27
authoritarianism, 2, 75, 95, 189
Avanzini, John, 154
Aylwin Foster, Nigel, 89
Aziz, Omer, 175
Baathists, 3, 78–79, 81–82, 91–93
Baghdad, Iraq, 76, 78, 82, 84, 88–91, 95
Baldwin, James, 207–8
Bangladesh, 63
Bannon, Steve, 188–89, 193
Barthes, Roland, 159
Basra, Iraq, 76
Belgians/Belgium, 26, 105, 107–9
Believer’s Voice of Victory, 154
Belkacem, Fouad, 107
Bell, W. Kamau, 198
Bennett, Brit, 9
Beyoncé, 32, 173, 186
Billboard, 31
bin Laden, Osama, 59, 66, 70, 94, 111, 113–14
Black Lives Matter, 173–74, 186, 196, 202
blacks, 18, 171, 181, 191, 194–95, 206
and American Dream, 138–39
blame whites, 189
discrimination against, 8–9, 17–18, 170, 196
disenfranchised, 168–69, 174–75
radical movements of, 178
and tribal instincts, 105
and upward mobility, 173
in Venezuela, 124–26, 128, 132
and WWE, 160
See also African Americans; slaves/slavery
Blessed (Bowler), 154–55
Bloom, Paul, 40
Blow, Charles, 198
Bolívar, Simón, 128
Bolivia, 47, 97, 123, 132
Bontinck, Jejoen, 107–8
Bosnians, 77, 197
Bowler, Kate, 154–55
Brazil, 27, 133
Breaking Bad, 151
Brezhnev, Leonid, 64
Brooks, Nycki, 90
Brown v. Board of Education, 28, 169
“browning” of America, 8, 166–69
See also United States, “browning of”
Brussels, 26
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 64
Burns, Mark, 153
Bush, George W.
on freedom/democracy, 3, 7, 75–76, 82, 128–29
and Hugo Chávez, 117, 128–29
and Iraq, 3, 75–76, 81–82, 84, 115
Bush, Jeb, 188
Byerley, Melinda, 163
California, 17, 150–51, 160, 167, 181
Cambodians, 18, 149
Cameron, David, 25
Canada/Canadians, 20, 27–28, 30, 105
Cao Ky, Nguyen, 46
capitalism, 2, 27, 50–52, 55–56, 63, 95, 120, 138, 180–81
Caribbean, 47
Carmichael, Stokely, 178
Carmona, Pedro, 129
Carnes, Nick, 172
Carter, Jimmy, 64
castes/castas, 15, 122–23
Castro, Fidel, 120
Catholics, 31, 51, 77, 150
Charlottesville, Virginia, 188
Chávez, Hugo, 12–13, 117–20, 125–35, 138
Chechnya, 108
Cheney, Dick, 73, 76
Chesnut, Andrew, 150–51
Chi Minh, Ho, 45–46, 50–51, 55
Chicago Tribune, 129
Chile, 123
China, 109, 117, 133
dominates Vietnam, 42–57
as ethnic nation, 11, 22, 42
and Han Chinese, 22, 42
See also Vietnam: Chinese in
Chinese Americans, 30. See also Asian Americans
Cholon, Vietnam, 48, 51–53, 56
Christians, 4, 9, 22–23, 78, 116, 127, 153–54, 172–73, 188, 197, 203–4
CIA, 71, 76
Cikara, Mina, 40–41
citizenship, 11, 1726–28. See also sovereign citizens
City University of New York (CUNY) study, 139–40
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 27–28, 169, 178
civil rights movement, 12, 141, 208
Civil War, 12, 27–28, 37, 168, 195
Clash of Civilizations, The (Huntington), 187
class, 4–6, 126–27, 130–31, 142–44, 148–49, 158, 190
Clinton, Bill, 7, 167–68, 176, 181
Clinton, Hillary, 132, 183
CNN, 73, 160, 198
Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), 80–81, 88–89
Coates, Ta-Nehisi, 174, 196
Cockburn, Patrick, 94
Cold War, 2, 16, 38, 44–45, 50, 60, 63, 65–66, 70, 74, 96, 120
Cole, Teju, 143
Coll, Steve, 69
Collins, Gail, 160
colonialism, 16, 34, 38, 43, 47, 49, 62, 97, 121. See also Great Britain: colonialism of
Coming Apart (Murray), 143
communism, 2, 13, 22, 38, 46, 50–51, 53, 56–57, 63–65, 69–70, 95, 120
Confucianism, 43–44
Connecticut, 172
conservatives, 9–10, 80, 102, 109, 170, 172, 176, 179–80, 187, 190, 194, 201. See also Republicans; right, the
constitution, 23, 75
of Iraq, 80, 94
in United States, 27–28, 165, 178, 194–95, 203, 207
in Venezuela, 126
corporate world, 29, 48, 140, 145–46, 156–57, 172
Coulter, Ann, 163
Crane, Conrad, 199
Crenshaw, Kimberlé, 183–84
Croats, 47, 77, 97
Crook, Clive, 25–26
Crooke, Catherine, 182
Cuba/Cubans, 30, 32, 135
cultural
appropriation, 10, 185–87
customs, 22–26, 67–68, 85
divides, 158–64, 173
identity, 22–25, 67–68, 85, 158
movements, 177
culture wars, 31–32, 173
Czechoslovakia/Czechs, 27, 64
Delgado,
Ray, 199–200
democracy, 2, 12, 20–21
and free markets, 95–96
and group conflict, 7, 34, 97, 135
in Iraq, 3, 75, 79–83, 92–97
post-WWII, 75–77
threats to, 140
and tribal politics, 92–97
in United States, 95, 164, 177, 208
in Venezuela, 13, 120, 126, 128–31, 133, 135
in Yugoslavia, 77–78
Democrats, 95, 102, 171, 176–77, 181, 189, 201
dictators, 65, 77–78, 85, 97, 120, 131. See also specific names
Dollar, Creflo, 153–55
Dostum, Abdul Rashid, 71–72
drug trafficking, 67, 135, 149–51
Duke, David, 181, 188
Durand Line, 61–62
Durrani, Ahmad Shah, 61, 69
East Africa, 47
East Asia, 11, 22, 188
economic issues, 46–52, 130, 138, 140, 144
education, 26, 31, 47,
and political activists, 140, 142
and the poor, 152, 171
and terrorists, 94, 112
in United States, 27–29, 101–02, 189–90
See also elites: and U.S. colleges; specific universities
Egypt, 106–7, 113
elites, 26, 42, 47, 63, 78
in United States, 3–7, 12, 137–39, 144, 152–53, 155, 158–60, 163–64, 177, 206
and U.S. colleges, 171–72, 202
in Venezuela, 12–13, 119, 121, 123–35
in Vietnam, 43, 49, 51
Ellick, Michael, 142
Elouassaki, Houssien, 108
“End of White America?, The” (Hsu), 192
Enlightenment, 7–8
Enos, Ryan, 201
entertainment industry, 31–32, 151, 173, 186, 196
equality/equal rights, 7–8, 20–21, 23, 178–80, 183, 186, 201
ethnic
cleansing, 48, 55–57, 77, 193
conflicts, 2–3, 34–35, 38, 50–57, 60, 63, 65, 71–72, 74, 77, 79, 96–97
differences, 15–16, 18
divides, 2–3, 7, 20, 34–35, 48, 82, 85, 96, 112, 163, 197–98
exclusion, 21, 27, 50, 152
identity, 1, 12, 17–18, 20, 67, 70–72, 82, 97, 149, 191
nations, 11, 22–23, 42, 44
subgroups, 11–12, 23–24, 32, 90
ethnicity, 2–3, 26, 38–42, 70–71, 126, 130, 199
ethnonationalism, 12–13, 44, 55, 57, 70–71, 95–97, 118, 126–27, 132,192–96