intelligence operations against the CIA, 245–246
Cypress team, 150, 161
Daci, Selim, 114, 116, 118, 156
Daci, Zetan, 114
Dalliu, Sali, 114, 121
Dani, Safet, 81
Dapćević, Peko, 142
Dauti, Ago, 82
Davies, Edmund F., 25
DDP. See Deputy Director for Plans
De Gasperi, Alcide, 6
Democratic Front of Albania, 28, 29, 213
Denfeld, Louis E., 52
Deputy Director for Plans (DDP), 225
Deva, Xhafer, 37, 238, 266
Dilo, Jani, 79, 80, 82
Diomedes, Alexandros, 63
Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), 6, 140, 214, 217, 250
Djilas, Milovan, 34
Dodani, Mark, 182
Donovan, William J., 6, 101
Dora project, 135
Dosti, Hasan,
defection offer from Enver Hoxha, 255
during World War II, 23, 26
early life, 23
election as NCFA president, 68–72
late years, 265
as leader of Balli Kombëtar, 68, 234
telegram to Enver Hoxha, 136
termination of contacts with the CIA, 240
Drejtoria e Sigurimit të Shtetit (Directorate of State Security). See Sigurimi
Dulles, Allen, 57, 140, 253, 261
Dwyer, Peter, 56, 73
Egyptian-British-Israel issues, 212
El Combate (The Fight). See Guatemala, CIA operation in.
El Ejército de Liberación. See Guatemala, CIA operation in
Elliott, Nicholas, 266
Enlai, Zhou, 268
Ermenji, Abas, 36, 58, 68, 70, 104, 151, 266
arguments with CIA case officers, 146, 147, 151, 234–235, 256
in British Operation Valuable, 78, 80
splinter from reorganized NCFA, 235–236
Farouk (king of Egypt), 37, 45, 208
Fiske, Norman E., 40–41
Foreign Branch B Section I (FB–I), 9
Frashëri, Mehdi, 37
Frashëri, Mithat, 39, 44, 49
agreements with Berry, 45–46
death of, 68, 247
during World War II, 23–26
early life, 23
leads BK, 36, 37
leads the NCFA, 58, 60, 63–64
in London, 66
in Paris, 63
in the United States, 66–68
Free Europe Committee, 261
Fuller, Horace W., 215
Fultz, Harry T., 22, 29, 66, 67, 269
Gaba, Haki, 82
Geraldine Appony, 17, 18, 19, 46, 60, 164, 191, 210, 212, 213, 262, 265
Gerveshi, Bardhyl, 82
Gjolena, Zenun, 198, 204, 205
Gjonmarkaj, Ndue Pjeter, 97
Gjurra, Adem, 114, 116, 121
Gjyla, Haxhi, 173, 178, 179, 198, 204, 205
Gogo, Gaqo, 151
Gradishta, 152
Greek civil war, 32
Greek claims on Southern Albania, 14, 32, 61, 143, 167
Greek Foreign Office, 142
Greek National Army (GNA), 43, 61, 62, 88
Gromyko, Andrei, 30
Guatemala, 229, 233, 243, 255, 258
CIA operation in, 250–253
Guzman, Jacobo Arbenz, 250
HARDROCK BAKER. See Guatemala, CIA operation in
Hataj, Ramiz, 81
Hazbiu, Kadri, 181, 183, 196, 205, 206, 269
Higgs, Randolph H., 139
Hila, Ded, 159
Hillenkoetter, Roscoe H., 7
Hitler, Adolf, 18, 20
Hoxha, Enver, 42, 105, 142, 221, 223, 225
decides the fate of CIA agents, 206
first five years in power, 26–36
in World War II, 22–26
late years, 267–269
plan for defection in place of, 226–227
telegram from Hasan Dosti, 136
Hoxha, Muhamet, 149, 150, 156
Hudson, Charles, 169
Hunt, E. Howard, 133, 202, 204, 225, 246, 250, 264
Huntington, USS, 29
International Relief Organization (IRO), 36, 78, 93, 158
Isufi, Hysen, 81
Iran, 223, 233, 243, 253, 255, 258, 262, 263
CIA operation in, 228–229
Italian Communist Party, 5, 86
Ivanaj, Mirash, 67
Jacobs, Joseph E., 28
Jacomoni, Francesco, 19
Jellicoe, George, 56, 69, 70
JMARC, project, 254
Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 4, 12, 51, 52, 73, 132, 142, 217, 253
Joint Policy Committee, 69, 129
Joyce, Robert, 51, 56, 61, 69, 73, 139
Juanita, 134
Juka, Musa, 37
Kaiku, Dalip, 120
Kalaja, Abdul, 138
Kennan, George F., 8, 9, 44, 51
Khrushchev, Nikita, 239
Klissura, Ali, 23, 26, 37, 68, 234
Koçi, Dule, 120
Kokalari, Musine, 27, 28
Koliqi, Ernest, 38, 266
Komiteti i Maleve (Mountains’ Committee), 97
Konitza, Skënder, 255
Kosmo, Sotir, 86
Kosovo, 21, 25, 27, 39, 140, 238, 241, 242, 257, 261
Kotta, Nuçi, 66
Kovaćić, Karel, 30
Kraja, Iliaz, 237, 238
Król, Stanisław. See Polish aircrew, members of
Kruja, Mustafa, 37
Kryeziu, Gani, 25
Kryeziu, Hasan, 25
Kryeziu, Said, 25, 58, 66, 88, 104, 119, 146, 266
Kuka, Ahmet, 81
Kuka, Bido, 81
Kukësi, 2, 220
Kukësi team, 114, 116
Kulla, Fuad, 138
Kupi, Abas, 37, 103
late years, 265–266
in London, 66
in the NCFA, 58, 60, 70, 86, 88, 104, 146, 235
relationship with Burke, 103, 131–132
in the United States, 66–68
during World War II, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26
Kupi, Petrit, 66
Kusa, Mustafa, 80
Labor Service Company 4000, 99–108, 125, 158, 232. See Albanian Guard Company
assessment of Albanian personnel in, 146
covert training, 105–107
funds, 104
members of, 104
Lamçe, Ibrahim, 206
Landing craft utility (LCU) boats, 221
Landon, Truman H., 112
La Voz de la Liberación. See Guatemala, CIA operation in
LAWBOOK, project, 239
League of Albanian Refugees, 142, 155, 220, 226
Legitimacy (Legaliteti), 24, 25, 26, 36, 37, 47, 50, 58
Lepenica, Hysen, 81
Lepenica, Sami, 81
Leshanaku, Alush, 96, 97
Lëvizja Nacional Çlirimtare (LNÇ), 22–26, 72
Lieb, Joseph C., 132, 137, 141, 146, 147, 151, 154, 262–263
Lika, Zyber, 87
Lindsay, Franklin, 10, 12, 50, 52
Liqeni i Vajkalit operation, 181
Liquid potassium cyanide (L–pill), 2, 175
Lleshi, Aqif, 182
Lleshi, Haxhi, 182
Lombard, Florentino Aspillaga, 245
Low, Bob, 88
Low, Robert, 52, 53, 57–60, 66, 69, 261
Luarasi, Sefer, 82
Luce, Henry, 53
Lutfiu, Llukman, 87
Lyall, Archibald, 262
MacArthur, Douglas, 169
Maçi, Halil, 68
MacLean, Donald, 127, 128
member of Cambridge Five spy ring, 75
MacLean, William, 25, 26, 37, 59, 60
Malushi, Gani, 195, 204, 206
Mançe, Zihni, 82
Mangelli, Thomas, 105, 106, 113
Markagjoni, Gjon, 38, 58, 69, 237, 266
Markham, Reuben H., 66
Marshall, George C., 14
0
Marshall Plan, 5, 254
Martaneshi, 2, 3, 173, 179, 180, 188
Martini, Sotir T., 40
Mason, Gordon, 173, 174, 176, 179, 187, 190, 193
Matamoros Fortress, bombing of. See Guatemala, CIA operation in
Matiani, Hamit, 179, 180, 230, 244, 248
1951 operations, 152–154, 161
1952 infiltration of Apple team, 174–178
capture by the Sigurimi, 195–198, 200
trial and sentence, 204–207
McCargar, James, 9, 12, 77, 88, 94, 247
describes Philby, 73–74
describes British Operation Valuable, 86
early years, 10
late years, 261
launching Project Fiend, 49, 52, 56, 59, 65
participates in reevaluation of Project Fiend, 90–93
role in Dosti’s selection to lead NCFA, 69–71
Mëlyshi, Ndue, 97
Menzies, Stewart, 129
Miner, Robert G., 45, 47, 49
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 34, 35
Mugosha, Dushan, 140
Muka, Koço, 37
Muslim Brotherhood, 209, 214, 215
Mussolini, 18, 19, 20
My Silent War: The Autobiography of a Spy (Philby), 124, 267
Nadj, Kosta, 142
Naguib, Muhammad, 208
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 208, 214
National Committee for Free Albania (NCFA), 2, 110, 117, 220, 233–234, 239, 241, 242, 255
election of Frashëri’s successor, 68–70
formation of, 63
goals of, 64
information leaks on operational activities, 158
members of, 63–64
operational activities for 1951, 146
operational and security aspects, 156
operational teams for 1951, 148
propaganda materials, 136–137
reconstruction of committee, 155–156
training of agents, 77–79, 147, 158
National Committee for Free Europe (NCFE), 57, 66
National Front. See Balli Kombëtar (BK)
National Independent Bloc. See Blloku Kombëtar Indipendent (BKI)
National Liberation Movement. See Lëvizja Nacional Çlirimtare (LNÇ)
National Security Act, 4
National Security Council (NSC), 4, 51, 229, 247, 253
directive 4–A, 6
directive 10/2, 7
directive 10/5, 218
NCFA. See National Committee for Free Albania
Nerguti, Halil, 114–119, 121, 241
Nichols, Arthur, 25
Nikolla, Pal, 198, 199, 204, 205
Nixon, Richard, 225
Noah, USS, 29
Noli, Theofan S., 15, 16, 19
Northern Epirus. See Greek claims on Southern Albania
Northrop, Anthony, 154
Oak team, 159
OBTURATE, project, 237
OBTUSE, project, 242
Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), 3, 41, 43, 44, 51, 73, 138, 217
budget, 11, 12
creation of, 7
issues between OSO and, 109, 111
merger with OSO, 140
operation against Bulgaria, 95
organizational structure, 9
Office of Special Operations (OSO), 5, 6, 11, 38, 45, 51
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 6, 8, 10, 21, 22, 27, 53, 67, 101, 102
Offie, Carmel, 51, 52, 59, 69, 70, 71, 94, 103
Olive team, 148–149, 159
One–time pads (OTPs), 120, 126–127
Orwell, George, 11
Ottoman Empire, 12–16, 37
Outrageous Good Fortune (Burke), 125, 262
Pali, Zef, 66, 68, 70, 71
Papagos, Alexandros, 20, 61, 62
Paris Peace Conference of 1919, 14, 23
Pasha, Muhammad Ali, 37
Pavlov, N. J., 35
PBSUCCESS project, 251, 253
Peposhi, Liman, 120
Perkins, Harold, 154
Peza, Myslim, 182
Philby, Harold Adrian Russell “Kim,” 85, 86, 90, 91, 266–267
Burke’s description of, 102
exit from Washington, 129
involvement in Albanian operation, 124–125
McCargar’s description of, 73–74
as SIS liaison officer, 73–76
and Yatsevitch, 101
Pine Tree team, 120–121
Pipinelis, Panayiotis, 62
Plaka, Nuri, 198, 204, 205
Planeja, Myftar, 114, 121
Plan Fontana, 87
plausible deniability, 50, 57, 226, 252
Pleshti, Sherif, 176
Policy Coordination Group, 73
Policy Planning Staff, 9, 44, 61
Polish aircrew, 1, 3, 130
members of, 112
Polygraph tests, 151
Popović, Koća, 142
Premçi, Tahir, 173, 178, 181, 183, 187, 189, 190, 191, 204, 205
Prifti, Thoma, 154
Program Branch 7 (PB/7), 246, 247
Project Fiend
1951 infiltrations in Albania, 146
asymmetrical warfare, 245
British-American operations in, 53–56, 93–94
defunding of, 233
economic warfare activities, 137
objective of, 52, 89
phases of operation, 50–52
propaganda warfare program, 132–134
psychological warfare program, 134–136
radio communication, 243
reevaluation of, 89–98
Psychological Strategy Board (PSB), 217, 218, 219, 228, 229, 232, 251
Psychological warfare activities, 11, 227
Pupe, Servet, 148, 149
QKSTAIR project, 95
Radio Tirana, 50, 64, 118, 138, 156, 159, 161, 171, 204, 205, 206, 213
RAKI operation, 80
Reka, Hatip, 104
Richardson, John, 225, 230, 231, 263
Rockefeller Foundation, 17
Roosevelt, Kermit, 69, 90, 228
Rrapushi, Nijaz, 149
RS–1 radio sets, 120, 186, 243
Ruddock, Merritt K., 94
Rudkowski, Roman. See Polish aircrew, members of
Rusta, Azis, 159
Rustemi, Avni, 14, 15
Sadat, Anwar, 212
Sakollari, Xheladin, 154, 174, 178, 179
Saumarez, HMS, 30
Seaman, H. Bogart, 170
Secret Intelligence Services, 55, 73, 123, 155
operations in Albania. See Valuable
Soviet penetration by Cambridge Five spy ring, 75
Selmani, Hysen, 169, 173, 175, 202
Senaj, Belul, 82
Shehi, Myslim, 180
Shehi, Zenel, 173, 179, 192, 194, 244
infiltration in Albania, 175–178
capture by the Sigurimi, 180–182
trial and sentence, 204–207
Shehu, Kasem, 149, 156
Shehu, Mehmet, 34, 35, 36, 181, 204
cruelty of, 27, 97–98
decides the fate of CIA agents, 205–206
early years of, 26–27
late years, 268–269
plan for defection in place of, 226–227
Sheno, Zogoll, 81
Shqipëria, 139
Sigurimi, 68, 86, 87, 97, 107–108, 115, 116, 120, 125, 138, 149, 156, 157, 248
“Buza e Bredhit” operation by, 87
capture of Branica, 185–186
capture of Matiani, 195–198, 200
capture of Shehi and Premçi, 180–182
help from Soviet intelligence in eliminating Frashëri, 68, 247–248
“Liqeni i Vajkalit” operation by, 181
Simcox, Tony, 25
Sinatra, Frank, 5
Sinclair, John A., 228
Sino, Abdyl, 79
Skënderbeg, Gjergj Kastrioti, 13, 18
Smiley, David, 78, 79, 80,
85, 87, 88
Smith, Walter B., 12, 129, 139, 140, 217, 227
Sons of the Eagle (Amery), 59
Special Operations Executive (SOE), 21, 25, 37, 78
Special Projects Group, 9
Spets Byuro #1, 247
Spiru, Nako, 34
Springfjord, 253
Spycraft techniques, 243
Stalin, Joseph, 27, 32–35
State Department, 7, 8, 51, 94, 137, 164, 211
expected role in coup against Hoxha’s regime, 220, 229
influencing composition of NCFA, 45, 58
post World War II mission in Albania, 28–29
supports territorial integrity of Albania, 33, 143–145
Stevens, Leslie C., 217
Stolz, Richard, 137
Sula, Naum, 195, 196, 204, 206
Sulzberger, Cyrus L., 94
Tempo, Svetozar Vukmanović, 142
Tenefi, Apostol, 141
Thompson, Llewellyn, 51
Thurston, Ray, 229
Tidmarsh, Harold A., 113
Tiger team, 148–149
Tito, 10, 40, 42, 51, 69, 89, 95, 156, 218, 223, 255
influence over Albanian Communists, 22, 33–35, 268
plan to invade Albania, 142
sponsoring the Albanian League of Political Refugees, 141–142, 155
Toptani, Essad Pasha, 14, 15
Toptani, Iliaz, 114, 116, 118, 156
Toshi, Hamid, 159
TPAJAX, project, 228, 253
Trebova, Ali, 80, 81
Truman, Harry S., 4, 140
Ulmer, Alfred C., 173–176, 179, 190, 197, 263
US Army European Command (EUCOM), 103
Valuable
1949 infiltrations, 77–83
1951 Fiend–Valuable meeting in Rome, 154–159
American decision to disengage Fiend from Valuable operations, 93–95
decision to coordinate with American plans, 53–55
Van Fleet, James A., 62
Vassiliev, Nikolai, 35
Vata, Tahir, 120
Veliu, Fido, 149, 159
Venona, 126–127
Vërlaci, Ismail, 38, 39, 45, 58, 63, 69, 96, 266
Vërlaci, Shefqet, 19, 20
Vlora, Nuredin, 68
Voice of Free Albania, 135, 233, 242, 250
Volage, HMS, 30
von Blomberg, Baron William Frary, 163, 164, 169
Watergate scandal, 246, 264
Weckerling, John, 219
Wehrmacht, 24
Wied, Prince William of, 14
Wilson, Woodrow, 14
Wisner, Frank Gardiner, 52, 53, 64, 73, 139, 140
dampens Greek desire to cross Albanian frontier in 1949, 61–62
early life, 8
Wisner, Frank Gardiner (continued)
late years, 260
meeting with Philby and others to review Project Fiend, 90–92
and OPC, 9–12
opinion on plans for a paramilitary coup in Albania, 217–218, 225
report from Berry on Albania, 41–43
reevaluates Project Fiend, 93–95
in World War II, 8
Wisner, Frank G. Jr., 261
Wolf, Markus, 246
Wyatt, F. Mark, 6
Wysiekierski, Zbigniew. See Polish aircrew, members of