Butt, John and Tillotson, Kathleen, Dickens at Work, London, Methuen & Co., 1957
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
The works of Dickens are readily available. There seemed no good reason to cite page numbers from one edition rather than another. I have therefore included in the body of the text a reference to the book number (where appropriate) and chapter number of the relevant Dickensian work.
I have used the following abbreviations:
AN – American Notes
ATTC – A Tale of Two Cities
BH – Bleak House
CC – A Christmas Carol
CS – Christmas Stories
DC – David Copperfield
DS – Dombey and Son
GE – Great Expectations
HM – The Haunted Man and the Ghost’s Bargain HT – Hard Times
LD – Little Dorrit
LOL – The Life of Our Lord
MC – Martin Chuzzlewit
MED – The Mystery of Edwin Drood
NN – Nicholas Nickleby
OCS – The Old Curiosity Shop
OMF – Our Mutual Friend
OT – Oliver Twist
Pilgrim – the twelve-volume edi
tion of The Letters of Charles Dickens, edited by Graham Storey, Kathleen Tillotson et al.
PP – The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club
RP – Reprinted Pieces
SB – Sketches by Boz
SJ – Selected Journalism 1850–1870
TC – The Chimes
UT – The Uncommercial Traveller
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This book owes much to the inspirational lectures on Dickens given at Oxford when I was an undergraduate by Catherine Ing. Going further back in time, it would be a different book without the re-enactments of Fagin and Wackford Squeers by F. N. Sweet, as described in my last chapter. I am also extremely grateful for help from Robert Douglas-Fairhurst, James Riding, Tamsin Shelton, James Nightingale and Mandy Greenfield.
NOTES
1 THE MYSTERY OF FIFTEEN POUNDS, THIRTEEN SHILLINGS AND NINEPENCE
1 Early October 1857. The Pilgrim edition of The Letters of Charles Dickens, ed. Graham Storey, Kathleen Tillotson et al. (hereafter Pilgrim), Vol. VIII, p. 638
2 This is described in The Oxford Companion to Charles Dickens, ed. Paul Schlicke, p. 436, as unconfirmed legend.
3 Michael Slater, Charles Dickens: A Life Defined by Writing, p. 152
4 To write the ‘British’ novel would sound odd. I write ‘English’ fully aware that Scott was Scottish and the Brontë sisters, at least by birth, half Irish and half Cornish.
5 1857, Pilgrim, Vol. VIII, p. 432
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Claire Tomalin, Invisible Woman, p. 40
9 Pilgrim, Vol. VIII, p. 536
10 Household Words, 14 September 1850, in David Pascoe (ed.), Charles Dickens: Selected Journalism 1850–1870, p. 269
11 See Chapter 7.
12 Dickens’s letter to Thomas Mitton, 13 June 1865, Pilgrim, Vol. XI, p.56
13 Dickens’s letter to John Forster, 10 June 1865, Pilgrim, Vol. XI, p. 50
14 Our Mutual Friend, quoted in John Forster, The Life of Charles Dickens, Vol. II, p. 366
15 Tomalin, Invisible Woman, p. 46
16 Edgar Johnson, Charles Dickens: His Tragedy and Triumph, p. 731. Johnson quotes this letter to Dickens’s wife (25 March 1851) from Walter Dexter (ed.), Mr and Mrs Charles Dickens: His Letters to Her, p.151. Also in Pilgrim, Vol. VI, p. 333
17 Pilgrim, Vol. VI, p. 343
18 Ibid.
19 Ibid.
20 Edwin M. Eigner, The Dickens Pantomime, pp. 385–6
21 Quoted in Forster, The Life of Charles Dickens, Vol. II, p. 505
22 Charles Dickens, Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi, p. xii
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid., p. xiii
25 Johnson, Charles Dickens: His Tragedy and Triumph, p. 242
26 Pilgrim, Vol. I, p. 391
27 John Greaves, Dickens at Doughty Street, p. 162
28 Dickens’s letter to Miss Macready, 18 September 1845, Pilgrim, Vol. IV, p. 383
29 Johnson, Charles Dickens: His Tragedy and Triumph, p. 571
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid., p. 874
32 Ibid., p. 878
33 Dickens’s letter to Mrs Richard Watson, 7 December 1857, Pilgrim, Vol. VIII, p. 488
34 Gladys Storey, Dickens and Daughter, p. 39
2 THE MYSTERY OF HIS CHILDHOOD
1 Slater, Charles Dickens: A Life Defined by Writing, p. 607
2 Forster, The Life of Charles Dickens, Vol. I, p. 2
3 Ibid., p. 18
4 See Ruth Richardson, Dickens and the Workhouse: Oliver Twist and the London Poor, p.122
5 Ibid., p. 69
6 Quoted ibid., p. 71, newspaper cutting pasted into a scrapbook in the British Library, shelfmark Crach.I. Tab.4.b.3
7 Anne Isba, Dickens’s Women: His Great Expectations, p. 112
8 Forster, The Life of Charles Dickens, Vol. I, p. 15
9 Richardson, Dickens and the Workhouse, p. 93
10 Forster, The Life of Charles Dickens, Vol. I, p. 21
11 Ibid.
12 Introduction to Great Expectations, p. xii (Hamish Hamilton, 1947)
13 Storey, Dickens and Daughter, p. 108
14 Michael Slater, Dickens and Women, p. 5
15 Johnson, Charles Dickens: His Tragedy and Triumph, p. 30
16 Ibid., p. 1071
17 Forster, The Life of Charles Dickens, Vol. I, p. 24
3 THE MYSTERY OF THE CRUEL MARRIAGE
1 Storey, Dickens and Daughter, p. 134
2 Johnson, Charles Dickens: His Tragedy and Triumph, p. 60
3 Storey, Dickens and Daughter, p. 133
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid., p. 134
6 Ibid., p. 164
7 John Sutherland, Victorian Fiction: Writers, Publishers, Readers, quoted in ‘Unmutual Friend’ by John Bowen, TLS, 22 February 2019, p. 18
8 Ibid.
9 Storey, Dickens and Daughter, p. 94
10 Ibid., p. 231
11 Ibid., p. 220
12 Johnson, Charles Dickens: His Tragedy and Triumph, p. 831
13 Pascoe (ed.), Charles Dickens: Selected Journalism 1850–1870, p. 48
14 6 June 1833, Pilgrim, Vol. 1, p. 385
15 Johnson, Charles Dickens: His Tragedy and Triumph, p. 832
16 Ibid.
17 Johnson, Charles Dickens: His Tragedy and Triumph, p. 156
18 Forster, The Life of Charles Dickens, Vol. I, p. 39
19 Norman and Jeanne Mackenzie, Dickens: A Life, p. 23
20 Johnson, Charles Dickens: His Tragedy and Triumph, p. 497
21 William Makepeace Thackeray, Pendennis, 2 vols, London, Dent, Everyman Library, Vol. 1, Chapter 30, p. 47
22 Johnson, Charles Dickens: His Tragedy and Triumph, p. 101
23 Thackeray, Pendennis, Chapter 31
24 Johnson, Charles Dickens: His Tragedy and Triumph, p. 116
25 Pilgrim, Vol. 1, p. 117
26 14 April 1836, Johnson, Charles Dickens: His Tragedy and Triumph, p.137
27 F. R. and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, p. 458
28 Pilgrim, Vol. VIII, pp. 558–60
29 Forster, The Life of Charles Dickens, Vol. VI, pp. 265–6
30 Quoted in Slater, Dickens and Women, p. 119. ‘A Girl’s Recollections of Dickens’, Lipincott’s Monthly Magazine, Vol. 52, September 1893, pp.338–9
31 Slater, Dickens and Women, p. 128
32 Johnson, Charles Dickens: His Tragedy and Triumph, p. 729
33 Ibid., p. 732
34 Johnson, Charles Dickens: His Tragedy and Triumph, p. 550
35 Ibid.
36 Slater, Dickens and Women, p. 137
38 Johnson, Charles Dickens: His Tragedy and Triumph, p. 905
39 Storey, Dickens and Daughter, p. 126
40 Ibid., p. 918
41 Ibid., p. 923
42 25 May 1858, Pilgrim, Vol. VIII, p. 740
43 Tomalin, Invisible Woman, p. 221
44 Johnson, Charles Dickens: His Tragedy and Triumph, p. 872
45 Adrian A. Arthur, Georgina Hogarth and the Dickens Circle, p. 57
46 Allan Horstmann, Victorian Divorce, p. 23
47 Ibid., p. 113
48 Kelly Hager, Dickens and the Rise of Divorce, p. 56
49 Lawrence Stone, Road to Divorce: England 1530–1987, p. 178; Marilyn Yalom, A History of the Wife, pp. 186–7
50 Roger Fulford (ed.), Dearest Child: Letters between Queen Victoria and the Princess Victoria 1858–1861, p. 254
51 Honoré de Balzac, Lettres à Mme Hanska, Vol. I, p. 607
52 ‘Oh, would I’d given birth to a whole next of vipers rather than nourish this mockery.’ Ibid.
4 THE MYSTERY OF THE CHARITY OF CHARLES DICKENS
1 Pilgrim, Vol. IX, p. 106
2 Pilgrim, Vol. VIII, p. 493
3 This point is made by Philip Collins, Dickens and Crime, p. 101
4 Humphry House, The Dickens World, p. 92
5 Edna Healey, Lady Unknown: The Life of Angela Burdett-Coutts, p. 129
6 Jenny Hartley, Charles Dickens and the House of Fallen Women, p. 24
7 Ibid., p. 32
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid., p. 57
11 Ibid., p. 126
12 Lucinda Hawksley, Dickens and Christmas, p. 159
13 Ibid., p. 42
14 Ibid., p. 114
15 ‘Old Lamps for New Ones’, Household Words, 15 June 1858, in Pascoe (ed.), Charles Dickens: Selected Journalism 1850–1870, p. 521
16 2 March 1843, Pilgrim, Vol. III, p. 455
17 House, The Dickens World, p. 35
18 Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, p. 273
19 Northrop Frye, The Stubborn Structure: Essays on Criticism and Society, p.228
20 K. J. Fielding (ed.), The Speeches of Charles Dickens, p. 132
21 Johnson, Charles Dickens: His Tragedy and Triumph, p. 715
22 Quoted in John Butt and Kathleen Tillotson, Dickens at Work, p. 45
23 Norris Pope, Dickens and Charity, p. 78
24 Household Words, 4 August 1855, in Pascoe (ed.), Charles Dickens: Selected Journalism 1850–1870
25 Ibid.
26 Slater (ed.), ‘Gone Astray’ and Other Papers from Household Words 1851–9, p. 315
27 House, The Dickens World, p. 92
28 Quoted in Malcolm Andrews, Charles Dickens and His Performing Selves, p. 251
29 George Dolby, Charles Dickens As I Knew Him, p. 123
30 Quoted in House, The Dickens World
31 Pascoe (ed.), Charles Dickens: Selected Journalism 1850–1870, p. 27
32 13 November 1849, Pilgrim, Vol. V, p. 645
33 Forster, The Life of Charles Dickens, Vol. I, p. 4
34 ‘Model Prisons’ in Thomas Carlyle, Latter-Day Pamphlets, Vol. XX of the Edinburgh Edition of The Works of Thomas Carlyle, p. 68
35 Ibid., p. 78
36 Ibid., p. 76
37 Charles Gavan Duffy, Conversations with Carlyle (1892), quoted in Collins, Dickens and Crime, p. 75
38 Speeches, p. 209, quoted in Paul Schlicke, Dickens and Popular Entertainment, p. 245
39 30 November 1865, Pilgrim, Vol. XI, p. 115
40 William Wordsworth, ‘Lines composed a few miles above Tintern Abbey… July 13, 1798’
41 Boyd Hilton, A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People: England 1783–1846, p.305
42 House, The Dickens World, p. 103
43 E. L. Woodward, The Age of Reform, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1938, p.431
44 A. N. Wilson, The Victorians, p. 593